1. Introduction to working with data, basic concepts, and principles related to the management and processing of information in database systems
At the foundation of database work are the concepts that describe how information is organized and connected. This section explains tables, rows, columns, tuples, relationships, and the role of primary and foreign keys in linking data across structures.
- relationships,
- table, row, column,
- tuple,
- primary and foreign key as well as relationships between tables.
2. Discussion of the Structured Query Language (SQL) language
SELECT statements form the basis for retrieving information, and here they are expanded with practical filtering and shaping techniques. The material includes WHERE, ORDER BY, TOP, HAVING, subqueries, and set-based combinations used to compare, limit, and classify result sets.
- selection statements using the SELECT keyword,
- use of the WHERE clause to select the needed rows,
- sorting data (ORDER BY),
- selecting the first n rows (TOP),
- classification of data using HAVING,
- subqueries,
- combining data using the apparatus of set theory.
3. Detailed overview of functions and operators available in SQL
SQL functions and operators are used to transform values, evaluate conditions, and calculate results inside queries. The section covers date and time, mathematical, text, and logical elements, showing how they support filtering, formatting, and expression building.
- date and time,
- mathematical,
- text,
- logical.
4. Learning to create and execute basic queries in the SQL Server database management system
Using SQL Server as the working environment, this section develops the ability to write and run basic queries against relational data. It establishes the practical habits needed to execute statements correctly, inspect results, and navigate the database context.
5. Overview of the concept of views in relational databases
Views provide a way to encapsulate queries and present selected data without duplicating tables. Participants work with defining views, changing them when requirements evolve, and querying them as part of everyday database access.
- defining,
- modifications,
- querying.
6. Basic principles of operation of relational databases
Before querying and modifying data, it is necessary to understand how a relational database is prepared step by step. This part explains normalization and denormalization, comparing their advantages and drawbacks in terms of structure, redundancy, and practical use.
- preparation of a database step by step,
- normalization – good and bad sides,
- denormalization – good and bad sides.
7. The process of creating new tables and modifying them
Table design is addressed through CREATE and DROP statements, selection of data types, and automatic row numbering. Attention is also given to joins, integrity constraints, and the impact of structure choices on query optimization and database consistency.
- creating (CREATE) and deleting (DROP) tables,
- auto-numbering rows,
- types of data types,
- joining tables,
- constraints (integrity constraints).
- query optimization.
8. Practical approach to performing operations on data in relational databases
Working directly on table data, participants practice the core DML operations used in relational databases. The section focuses on inserting new rows with INSERT, changing existing records with UPDATE, and removing data with DELETE while maintaining control over intended changes.
- inserting data – INSERT,
- updating data – UPDATE,
- deleting data – DELETE.
9. Sample exercises discussed during the course
Exercises are built around familiar database scenarios such as a telephone directory, e-learning platform, invoice register, warehouse, and a store offering products and services. These cases help connect SQL syntax with table structures, relationships, and everyday data operations.
- telephone directory,
- e-learning platform,
- invoice registration,
- warehouse,
- store (services and products).